Determining the bearing capacity of the soil and its subsidence is one of the most important parameters that must be carefully evaluated when designing a safe foundation. In the present study, using a physical model, the behavior of the foundation located on sandy soil under static loading and the effect of various factors on soil behavior have been investigated. In this laboratory study, the effect of foundation width, sandy soil density and amount of overhead on strip foundation subsidence has been investigated. The soil material used in this study is poorly grained medium sand (SP). The foundation model has a width of 5, 7.5 and 10 cm and its length is 34 cm. The sand raining technique has been selected to obtain a homogeneous sample with a definite relative density and repeatability of laboratory conditions. The loading system is compressed air that has the ability to apply a uniform and static load. The relationship between the final relative settlement and the width of the foundations located on medium-density sandy soils is linear, and as the foundation width increases, the final relative settlement reaches less than its final ultimate bearing capacity. At the same pressure, the settlement of the foundation located on medium-density sandy soils is about 10 % higher than the foundation located on dense sandy soils. Soil behavior up to a pressure of about 50% of the final bearing capacity is linearly elastic. The pressure- settlement relationship of the strip foundation is linear up to about 5% of the foundation width. General shear failure occurs at a relative settlement of about 12 to 14%. For this reason, it is suggested to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of the strip foundation located on sandy soil, the amount of pressure such as 12% .

Tunneling in soft grounds causes to changes in displacements and subsequently in-situ stresses around ground. These displacements may damage structural assets. Thus, estimating the magnitude and shape of settlement curve is necessary. There are several empirical and analytical methods for predicting settlement. For example, Peck’s empirical method is well known method for predicting settlement due to tunneling. Tunneling process is done by imposing volume loss in tunnel. Then, soil displacement is measured by using image processing technique and that data is fitted to Gaussian curve. By conducting tests in loose and dense sands, it is concluded that by increasing relative density of the soil, the magnitude of settlement decreases and the settlement trough width will be increased. Also soil volume loss is not the same as the tunnel volume loss.Introduction: Many researchers investigated settlement due to tunneling but there is a lack of research about the effect of relative density on settlement. Marshall et al. (2012) by conducting centrifuge tests in high density sandy soil, showed that settlement trough is affected by tunnel size, tunnel depth and tunnel volume loss. Zhou et al. (2014) by performing several tests in loose, medium and dense sand, examined the effect of relative density on settlement and showed that by decreasing the relative density the magnitude of settlement increases and settlement trough width will be decreased. In this paper by using 1g physical modeling (Figure 1) which is designed in Sahand University of Technology, the effect of relative density on settlement has been studied.Material and methods: Simulation of tunnel volume loss is carried out by using two different diameter tubes as a shield and lining (Figure 2), while pulling out the larger tube volume loss is imposed. Also by changing tube diameter different volume losses have been applied. Measuring of soil displacements is achieved by image processing technique. For this purpose, different photos are taken from the whole process of the test by digital camera and by using Geo PIV, settlement of ground is determined.Results and discussions: Experiments were conducted in loose and dense silica sands and the measured data have been fitted to Gaussian curve. The result showed that Peck equation fitted well to surface and sub-surface settlement data. As shown in Figures 3 and 4, contour of displacement curve versus normalized tunnel depth and distance versus normalized tunnel diameter indicate that in dense sands most of the displacement occurred in the region which placed in distance of 1.25 times tunnel diameter and in loose sands in the region of 0.6 times tunnel diameter. Thus, settlement trough width in loose sands is narrower. Also by measuring soil volume loss in loose and dense sands at different levels (Figure5) it is concluded that in loose sands due to less dilation, more volume loss is transferred to higher levels.Conclusion: The following main conclusion can be drawn: 1. Gaussian curve predicts well surface and subsurface transverse settlements but selection of its parameters requires more accuracy that may result in inaccurate prediction.2. settlement curve in loose sands is narrower than dense sands.3. Displacement and soil volume loss in loose sand are more than dense sand.

Sometimes in spite of final tax liability of private business companies their director or directors refrain from settling the company’s tax liability and as a result the National Tax Administration seeks to settle those liabilities for them by posting an auction ad, selling the confiscated tangible and intangible assets owned by the company or freezing its bank accounts. The refrainment could be the outcome of legal violation of the company director or directors which could damage the business company too. The damage refers both to non-material outcomes for the company in terms of negative fame and decline of business reputation as well as material loss such as excess executive costs. The confiscation and auction of the company’s assets could cause delay or slow-down of its business operations and therefore, the company might suffer from further losses. Evidently, the above-mentioned losses should not remain uncompensated. The tax laws do not deal with civil liability of the managers in such matters but such liability could be addressed based on jurisprudential-legal basis and reference to the notion of civil liability. The present study points out different presumptions about causing damage to business companies so as to address the civil liability of their directors and how and to what extent they are liable. The liability can be justified based on causation rule and some legal works on liability.

Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

In developing countries, the main question so stable is why citizens have been excluded from construction plans and which factors have deprived them from their citizen rights?The response to this question is simple and recusant: political economoy of these countries has been planned in a way that this fundamental question is less discussed. Manuel Castle attends truly to the abstruse relationship of urban classes and subject of of power. His concept in this context is an altered concept from Pareto thesis that said '' a position which anybody can't without aggravate another person achive to is the better position.''Therefore, only with true perception of the social organization relationships, understanding and analysis of flow capital, information, inequality, migration, poverty reproduction, social threats , in them material base( cities), is possible . Squatter settlement is the eventual dimension of flows that incentive unstability in urban and region scale. This research deals with the economic and social variables and those special impact among urban poverty and Squatter settlement.

In liquefaction occurrence, shear strength of loose cohesionless deposits of saturated soil is considerably reduced or even is lost when subjected to dynamic or seismic loads. The earthquake-induced liquefaction can cause significant damage to existing facilities and structures. It is, therefore, of prime importance to deeply understand the liquefaction mechanism and the related and affecting parameters on this phenomenon. In the current study, using a semi-automated shaking table, the effect of the relative density and the percentage of non-plastic fine content of soil material on the liquefaction potential and the settlement of saturated sand layers were investigated. Acceleration of the shaking table in all tests was adopted to be constant and equal to 0. 3g having a frequency of approximately 4. 7 Hz. In contrast to many other researchers conducted in recent years, loose and very loose sands are considered for experimental studies. Further, shaking table studies conducted here on these materials are considered as relatively large scale tests which notably differ from those conducted mostly by common triaxial tests in the past. The results obtained showed that the higher the relative density, the lesser is the pore water pressure even if the shaking level is high and that the probability of liquefaction is reduced to the lowest level. In addition, the surface settlement of soil layer is significantly reduced. It was also observed that, despite the existing challenges and even opposing point of views among researchers, an increase in the percent of non-plastic fine content in the soil material would lead to a reduction in settlement of soil layer and ironically, to an increase in pore water pressure. Other observations on the experiments conducted in this research verified that the time during which soil remains in liquefied state is reduced if and/or percentage of fine content of soil material is high.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The presence of water resources, particularly rivers, significantly influences site selection. Throughout history, settling near rivers has brought numerous advantages, but it has also posed certain risks. This study focuses on the sub-basins southeast of the Caspian Sea. Initially, we explore the connection between the layout of ancient settlements and the drainage networks. Additionally, we analyze the relationship between flood risk and the settlement patterns of these ancient sites by estimating the flooding risk based on linear, areal, and relief aspects. This research marks the first time such an analysis has been conducted. The findings underscore the importance of proximity to rivers in site selection, with areas close to rivers with lower stream orders being the most favorable for settlements. The study reveals a decrease in the frequency of sites near higher stream orders in relation to flooding risk. Conversely, there is an increase in the frequency and density of ancient sites near the first stream orders and at greater distances from the rivers, coinciding with an elevated flooding risk in the sub-basins. These results indicate that the inhabitants of the southeastern areas of the Caspian Sea sub-basins were cognizant of the flooding danger and factored it into their decision-making when selecting settlement sites

Nowadays، various factors such as collapse of tribal structures and systems، deterioration of grasslands، lack of decent educational system for the children، and shortage of healthcare facilities have caused tribal living extremely challenging. To help avert the process، experts have proposed different approaches among which settlement plan rendered as most appropriate. As a whole، nomad’ s settlement fundamentally transforms one of the intrinsic characteristics of nomads that differentiate them from either rural or urban societies for whatever reasons such as political، social or economic development. Talkhab in Ilam province has been a site to tribal settlement plan، which has been conducted by Housing Foundation at to help manage tribal affairs. This article intends to evaluate physical-spatial impacts of the settlement plan in Talkhab as felt by nomads themselves regarding housing، sewage system، pathways and infrastructure and services quality. It also evaluates how the plan affected their livelihood and satisfaction as well as their participation. In order to make the inquiry practical، descriptive-analytic method via field studies including questionnaires، interviews، observations have been used and the results were finally put in SPSS for further statistical analysis. The results suggest that the settled tribe members are generally pleased with the plan including its implementation، allocation، and availability of some services. However، certain issues such as financial support، other infrastructural services (running water، healthcare facilities، sports، religious and commercial facilities)، employment، the plan has fallen short of meeting their expectations. A number of guidelines are suggested based on the findings for better realization of the settlement plan. These include better planning of pathways، piping، sewage system، electricity and water services، user participation. More attention should be focused on sustainable ways of livelihood in settlement plans، more efficient financial support through the banking system for an affordable housing and suitable reimbursement policy.